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<h1 align=center style='text-align:justify'><a name="_top"></a></h1>
<p align=center style='text-align:justify'> </p>
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">
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<blockquote>
<h1 align="center">
<b><u><font face="Arial Black" color="#B0B0B0" size="7">
<a name="SPEED_OF_LIGHT">SPEED OF LIGHT
</a></font></u></b></h1>
<p align="center"> </p>
<h1 align="justify"><font size="4">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: normal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style:normal; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">
<a name="speed_of_light_06"></a>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style:normal; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">
299,792.458 km/s is the speed of light in vacuum.
However, according to Einstein's theory of General Relativity, the
speed of light appears to var</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style:normal; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">y with the intensity of the gravitational field.
In 1915 (10 years after special relativity) Einstein developed another
theory called General Relativity that deals with gravitational fields
and according to this latest theory the speed of light appears to vary
with the intensity of the gravitational field. For example, an observer
outside gravitational fields measures the speed of light locally (in his
location) at 299792.458 km/s but when he looks towards a black hole he
sees the speed of light there to be as slow as a few km/s. At the same
time an observer freefalling into that black hole (zero-g) measures the
speed of light locally (in his location) at 299792.458 km/s; when he
looks towards the black hole he sees the speed of light there much
slower; when he looks away from the black hole he sees the speed of
light there much faster. If he tries to resist his freefall into that
black hole (by firing his rockets for example) he will not measure the
speed of light locally anymore at 299792.458 km/s; instead the stronger
the g-force that he feels the faster light appears to him. Again when he
looks towards the black hole he sees the speed of light there much
slower; when he looks away from the black hole he sees the speed of
light there much faster. In any case, freefalling or not, he will never
see the speed of light outside gravitational fields at 299792.458 km/s.
Finally, there is no difference between the effects of g-forces
experienced from these rockets and the effects of g-forces experienced
when standing on planets, stars... hence an observer standing on a black
hole measures the speed of light locally (in his location) much faster
than 299792.458 km/s; when he looks towards outside gravitational fields
he sees the speed of light there a zillion km/s.
</span></span></font></h1>
<h1 align="justify"><font size="4">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: normal">But 1400 years ago it was stated in the Quran (Koran, the book of
Islam) that angels travel in one day the same distance that the moon travels in
1000 lunar years, that is, 12000 Lunar Orbits / Earth Day.<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style:normal; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">
Outside gravitational fields 12000 Lunar Orbits / Earth
Day
turned out to be the known speed of light!</span></span></font></h1>
<h1 align="justify"><font size="4" face="Arial">See proof: </font> <b>
<font size="3" face="Arial">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font color="#0000FF" size="4" face="Arial">
<a title="SPEED OF LIGHT" alt="SPEED OF LIGHT 299792.458 km/sec. SPEED OF LIGHT 299792.458 km/s. SPEED OF LIGHT 299792.458 km/sec. SPEED OF LIGHT 299792.458 km/s. " target="_self" href="#SPEED_OF_LIGHT">SPEED
OF LIGHT</a></font></span></font><font size="4" face="Arial"></a></font></b><font size="4" face="Arial">. Can anyone prove us wrong?<b><br>
</b></font></h1>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><font size="4" face="Arial"><b>The Quran also </b></font>
<b><font face="Arial" size="4">defined:</font></b></p>
</span>
</div><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><font face="Arial" size="3">
<h1 align="justify">
<font color="#0000FF" size="5"><a name="speed_of_light_299792">Speed
of Light</a></font></h1>
</font></span>
<dl>
<dd>
<h1><font size="3">In 1915 (10 years after special
relativity) Einstein developed another theory called
General Relativity that deals with gravitational fields and according
to this latest theory the speed of light appears to vary with the intensity of the
gravitational field. For example, an observer outside gravitational fields
measures the speed of light locally (in his location) at 299792.458 km/s but
when he looks towards a black hole he sees the speed of light
there to be as slow as a few km/s. At the same time an observer freefalling into
that black
hole (zero-g) measures the speed of light locally (in his location) at
299792.458 km/s; when he looks towards the black hole he sees the speed of light
there much slower; when he looks away from the black hole he sees the speed of
light there much faster. If he tries to resist his freefall into that black hole
(by firing his rockets for example) he will not measure the speed of light
locally anymore at 299792.458 km/s; instead the stronger the g-force that he feels
the faster light appears to him. Again when he looks towards the black hole he
sees the speed of light there much slower; when he looks away from the black
hole he sees the speed of light there much faster. In any case, freefalling or
not, he will never see
the speed of light outside gravitational fields at 299792.458 km/s. Finally, there is no difference between the
effects of g-forces experienced from these rockets and
the effects of g-forces experienced when standing on planets, stars... hence
an observer standing on a black hole measures the speed of light locally (in his
location) much faster than 299792.458 km/s; when he looks towards outside
gravitational fields he sees the speed of light there a zillion km/s. </font> </h1>
</dd>
</dl>
<font face="Arial" size="3">
<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed" align="justify">
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed" align="justify">
<font size="3">You might
question how could this Big Crunch happen in just a fraction of a
second. Wouldn't that be faster than the speed of light? Isn't that a
contradiction with special relativity which says that nothing can go
faster than the speed of light? Well yes it is faster than the speed of
light, but the Big Bang itself turned out to be faster than the speed of
light! The Big Bang started from a cosmic singularity and then expanded
much faster than the speed of light. During the Big Bang, a process
called "INFLATION" occurred. A fraction of a second (10-38 sec) after
the cosmic singularity was created inflation started. During inflation,
the size of our observable universe increased from an initial size one
hundred billion times smaller than a proton (10-26 meters in diameter)
to approximately one hundred million light years across (1024 meters in
diameter). The duration of this inflation was only a fraction of a
second (10-35 sec). The Big Bang itself was faster than the speed of
light. This is not a contradiction with special relativity because spacetime itself expanded. In God's promise of the Big Crunch spacetime
itself will contract. Do you remember how a rose opens up? That is, the
outer petals move outwards more than the inner petals? Imagine that those
petals have galaxies on them and that we are at the center of the rose. Now
imagine this rose opening up; the farther out the petals are the faster
their recession away from the center (where we are). Well this is exactly
how the universe expands around us; the farther out galaxies are from us the
faster their recession away from us.<br>
<br>
Today we know for sure that this is how galaxies are rushing away from us
from redshifting of their light; the more distant galaxies are the more
reddish their light appears to us (the stronger their red means the faster
they are receding away from us). Observers anywhere in the universe see the
universe expanding away from them the same way (like a rose); hence everyone
in the universe thinks that he is at the center of the Big Bang. This is
because the Big Bang did not have a center; see if you continue walking on
Earth in the same direction you will circle Earth and eventually come back
to where you started; right? Similarly when you continue traveling through
the universe in the same direction you might come back to where you started;
we still don't know this for sure. But what we are sure of is that every
observer in the universe thinks that he is at the center of the Big Bang;
every observer in the universe sees the universe expanding away from him
like a rose. <br>
</font></p>
<div align="justify">
<h1><font size="5">Speed of Light:
</font></h1>
</div>
<dl>
<dd>
<p align="justify"><b><font size="3">Einstein came up with General
Relativity that deals with gravitational fields and according to this theory
the speed of light appears to vary with the intensity of the gravitational
field. For example, an observer outside gravitational fields measures the
speed of light locally (in his location) at 299792.458 km/s but when he
looks towards a black hole he sees the speed of light there to be as slow as
a few km/s. At the same time an observer freefalling into that black hole
(zero g) measures the speed of light locally (in his location) at 299792.458
km/s; when he looks towards the black hole he sees the speed of light there
much slower; when he looks away from the black hole he sees the speed of
light there much faster. If he tries to resist his freefall into that black
hole (by firing his rockets for example) he will not measure the speed of
light locally anymore at 299792.458 km/s; instead the stronger the g force
that he feels the faster light appears to him. Again when he looks towards
the black hole he sees the speed of light there much slower; when he looks
away from the black hole he sees the speed of light there much faster. In
any case, freefalling or not, he will never see the speed of light outside
gravitational fields at 299792.458 km/s. Finally, there is no difference
between the effects of g forces experienced from these rockets and the
effects of g forces experienced when standing on a planets and stars... This
makes the only observers that will see the speed of light outside
gravitational fields at 299792.458 km/s are those who are themselves outside
gravitational fields. </font></b></dd>
</dl>
</span></font>
<div id=ftn5>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p align="justify">
</p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-family:Arial">
<font face="Arial" size="3">
<p style='text-align:justify'>
<span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>
<font size="3"><span style='font-family:Arial'><b>Today we can observe galaxies 13 billion years old,
that is, light already traveled 13 <u>billion</u> years before it reached us.
If the universe were not expanding
then light from those galaxies would have only needed 13 <u>million</u> years to reach us (ratio of distances might be 1000 times).
For an observer on Earth the effective displacement of a photon is different than the total distance traveled by a photon (different than 13 billion years
multiplied by 299792.458 km /sec). This is because the expansion of the universe is causing inbound light to be dragged away from us en route. </b><br><br>
When those distant galaxies (13 billion light years away) first emitted this light they were receding from us at speeds
greater than 299792.458 km/sec (faster than our local speed of light). However the expansion of the universe slowed down for the
first 7 billion years. This gave light a chance to approach Earth.
However the expansion of the universe has been accelerating for the last 7 billion years. This made those
galaxies to be receding away from us today at speeds again greater than 299792.458 km/sec. We are sure that
galaxies 13 billion light years away today have recessional speeds greater than our local speed of light. If the universe continues to expand
forever (first two scenarios) then light emitted today from those galaxies will not reach us in the future anymore (they will disappear from our sight).<br><br>
No observer anywhere in the universe feels any acceleration because this Dark Energy is causing spacetime itself to expand.
This Dark Energy is <b>creating space</b>
everywhere each second. If this created space each second between a certain point and Earth measures more than 299792.458 km
then light from that point traveling at 299792.458 km/sec can never reach Earth (it is like when your installment is even lower than the interest on your loan,
hence your debt will eventually increase). An observer today 13 billion light years away sees light locally (at his location)
to travel towards Earth at 299792.458 km/sec, however this light will never reach Earth. This distant light heading towards us is
actually being displaced away from us (negative effective speed). <br>
<br>
<b>The expansion of the universe causes observers to see distant inbound photons at effective speed
of light less than 299792.458 km/sec
and to see distant outbound photons at effective speed of light greater than 299792.458 km/sec. However every non-accelerating
observer measures the speed of light locally (in his location) at 299792.458 km/sec in any direction.</b>
</span> </font> </p>
</span>
</font></span>
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial">By using classical orbital
mechanics we discovered that outside the gravitational field of the sun <b>
<font color="#2B6Ebb" size="3">
<span style="font-style: normal; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth
Day</span></font></b> becomes equivalent to our local speed of light. Since the
effective speed of light varies with distance and direction then this
means that if the local speed of any object were defined in
<font color="#2B6Ebb" size="3"><b>
<span style="font-style: normal; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Lunar Orbits/Earth Day</span></b></font> then
this definition will never
be wrong to anyone because <font color="#2B6Ebb" size="3"><b>
<span style="font-style: normal; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">12000 Lunar
Orbits/Earth Day</span></b></font> is independent of direction, co-moving with
the expanding universe and common to all speed of light observers. It also turned out to be
a constant forever (<a href="speed_of_light_12000.htm">Learn more</a>).</font></p>
<p align="justify"><font face="Arial" size="3">Where<img border="0" src="speed_of_light/speed_of_light_08.gif" align="middle" alt="F" width="18" height="17">is
the gravitational potential relative to the point where the speed of light c</font><font face="Arial" size="1">o</font><font face="Arial" size="3">
is measured.</font></p>
<p align="justify"><b><font face="Arial" size="3" color="#0000FF">Simply put:
Light appears to travel slower in stronger gravitational fields (near bigger
mass).</font></b></p>
<font face="Arial" size="3"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>
</span>
<p style="margin-right: 5.4pt" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial">
<font size="3">Downloadable
English version of speed of light :</font></span></p>
</font>
</div>
<font face="Arial" size="3">
<p style='margin-right: 5.4pt' align="right">
<span
style='font-family:Arial'>
<font size="3">Download speed of light
from:
<a href="http://www.speed-light.info" style="font-family:Arial; color:blue; text-decoration:underline">www.speed-light.info</a>
</font> </span></font>
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